Cytology

Cytology examines loose cells rather than whole tissue. A PAP smear brushes cells from the cervix, a fine-needle aspiration draws cells from a lump with a thin needle, and a pleural or ascitic fluid is spun down so that any abnormal cells can be found. Because no tissue is removed, the test is quick and repeatable — which is what makes it the right tool for screening.

Smears are fixed, stained and screened, and anything atypical is referred for a pathologist's opinion and, when needed, followed up with a biopsy.